Article 31 Other Use Without Authorization of the Right Holder
Where the law of a Member allows for other use (7) of the subject matter of a patent without the authorization of the right holder, including use by the government or third parties authorized by the government, the following provisions shall be respected:
(a) authorization of such use shall be considered on its individual merits; (b) such use may only be permitted if, prior to such use, the proposed user has made efforts to obtain authorization from the right holder on reasonable commercial terms and conditions and that such efforts have not been successful within a reasonable period of time. This requirement may be waived by a Member in the case of a national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency or in cases of public non-commercial use. In situations of national emergency or other circumstances of extreme urgency, the right holder shall, nevertheless, be notified as soon as reasonably practicable. In the case of public non-commercial use, where the government or contractor, without making a patent search, knows or has demonstrable grounds to know that a valid patent is or will be used by or for the government, the right holder shall be informed promptly; (c) the scope and duration of such use shall be limited to the purpose for which it was authorized, and in the case of semi-conductor technology shall only be for public non-commercial use or to remedy a practice determined after judicial or administrative process to be anti-competitive; (d) such use shall be non-exclusive; (e) such use shall be non-assignable, except with that part of the enterprise or goodwill which enjoys such use; (f) any such use shall be authorized predominantly for the supply of the domestic market of the Member authorizing such use; (g) authorization for such use shall be liable, subject to adequate protection of the legitimate interests of the persons so authorized, to be terminated if and when the circumstances which led to it cease to exist and are unlikely to recur. The competent authority shall have the authority to review, upon motivated request, the continued existence of these circumstances; (h) the right holder shall be paid adequate remuneration in the circumstances of each case, taking into account the economic value of the authorization; (i) the legal validity of any decision relating to the authorization of such use shall be subject to judicial review or other independent review by a distinct higher authority in that Member; (j) any decision relating to the remuneration provided in respect of such use shall be subject to judicial review or other independent review by a distinct higher authority in that Member; (k) Members are not obliged to apply the conditions set forth in subparagraphs (b) and (f) where such use is permitted to remedy a practice determined after judicial or administrative process to be anti-competitive. The need to correct anti-competitive practices may be taken into account in determining the amount of remuneration in such cases. Competent authorities shall have the authority to refuse termination of authorization if and when the conditions which led to such authorization are likely to recur; (l) where such use is authorized to permit the exploitation of a patent (“the second patent”) which cannot be exploited without infringing another patent (“the first patent”), the following additional conditions shall apply: (i) the
学校がMS Officeを使う理由 (スコア:5, 興味深い)
途上国のコンピュータ系職業訓練校とかにボランティアを送ってる団体（JI○A）の人から話を聞いたことがありますが、
現地は資金がなく、違法コピー品が蔓延している、で義憤に駆られた人がOSSを導入しましょう！
とやるわけですが、うまくいかないという事例が多々あるようです。
理由としては、まず現地の講師の人なりが知識がない、海賊版を悪いことだという認識が低い、というのももちろんあるのですが、
何より大きいのが現地の職場（会社なり官庁なり）に入っているのが（正規品か海賊版かはともかく）MS Officeなので、
学校だけOSSに切り替えてしまうと就職に繋がらず、職
学校がMS Officeを使える理由 (スコア:0)
国際法の下の平等により、発展途上国に於いては、非常事態として抗HIV薬を特許料無しで使用できるのと同様に、ソフトウェアを著作権料・特許権料を無しで使用できる。
無論セキュリティーアップデートに制限はあろうが、ジェネリック医薬品や無ライセンス医薬品と同様に存在するリスクに過ぎない。
この記事は特に記述がない限り、日本国外の法令について解説しています。また最新の法令改正を反映していない場合があります。ご自身が現実に遭遇した事件については法律関連の専門家にご相談ください。免責事項 [wikipedia.org]もお読みください。
Re:学校がMS Officeを使える理由 (スコア:0)
> 非常事態として抗HIV薬を特許料無しで使用できるのと同様に、
>ソフトウェアを著作権料・特許権料を無しで使用できる。
これって本当ですか？
自分でも探してみようと思ったけど、キーワードの選択が難しくてうまくググれなかった。
Re:学校がMS Officeを使える理由 (スコア:2, 参考になる)
親コメの根拠がわからんけど、ブラジルの話をしているのであれば、特許料無しで抗HIV薬を使ったのではなく、適正と思われる価格でライセンスを使用することを強制するという方策だった。
根拠となるのはTrade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights [wto.org]（知的所有権の貿易関連の側面に関する協定、いわゆるTRIPs協定）で、該当部分には、